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  <dataset>
    <alternateIdentifier>https://doi.org/10.82144/44415200</alternateIdentifier>
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    <alternateIdentifier>https://seamap.env.duke.edu/dataset/2257</alternateIdentifier>
    <alternateIdentifier>https://obis.org/dataset/338c41fb-0296-4be8-89fe-c5bb1057ef34</alternateIdentifier>
    <title xml:lang="eng">Cetacean sigthings in North Sea</title>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Marijke</givenName>
        <surName>de Boer</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Wageningen Marine Research, University of Wageningen</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>marijkedeboer@hotmail.com</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl/>
    </creator>
    <metadataProvider>
      <individualName>
        <surName>OBIS-SEAMAP</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University</organizationName>
      <positionName/>
      <address>
        <deliveryPoint>A328 LSRC building</deliveryPoint>
        <city>Durham</city>
        <administrativeArea>NC</administrativeArea>
        <postalCode>27708</postalCode>
        <country>US</country>
      </address>
      <electronicMailAddress>seamap-contact@duke.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl>https://seamap.env.duke.edu</onlineUrl>
    </metadataProvider>
    <associatedParty>
      <individualName>
        <surName>OBIS-SEAMAP</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University</organizationName>
      <positionName/>
      <address>
        <deliveryPoint>A328 LSRC building</deliveryPoint>
        <city>Durham</city>
        <administrativeArea>NC</administrativeArea>
        <postalCode>27708</postalCode>
        <country>US</country>
      </address>
      <electronicMailAddress>seamap-contact@duke.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl>https://seamap.env.duke.edu</onlineUrl>
      <role>distributor</role>
    </associatedParty>
    <associatedParty>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Marijke</givenName>
        <surName>de Boer</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Wageningen Marine Research, University of Wageningen</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>marijkedeboer@hotmail.com</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl/>
      <role>owner</role>
    </associatedParty>
    <pubDate>2025-09-11</pubDate>
    <language>eng</language>
    <abstract>
      <para>Original provider:
Marijke N. de Boer

Dataset credits:
Marijke N. de Boer

Abstract:
Minke whales and other marine mammals were recorded in the central 
North Sea in an area characterised by frontal features and high productivity 
northeast of the Dogger Bank (4677 km2). Survey efforts were carried
out from 28 March to 2 July 2007, at a finer scale than in earlier studies in 
the region, using 2 vessels as platforms of opportunity and a dedicated line-
transect survey vessel following distance sampling methods. The high 
density of whales indicated that this offshore bank slope is an important 
spring habitat for minke whales in the North Sea. In total, 77 sightings of 
minke whales comprising 130 individuals were recorded. The peak density 
of minke whales was estimated to be 0.029 whales km&#x2013;2 (minimum 
estimate, 95% CI: 0.012 to 0.070) in May. During peak abundance, the minke 
whales temporarily congregated in the area, suggesting that the whales 
were taking advantage of the local spring abundance of sandeels. The 
density found was higher than previous studies have suggested for the
central North Sea. The results correspond to recent observations of minke 
whale redistribution within the North Sea, and these may be related to a 
decline in sandeel availability elsewhere in the North Sea. Offshore banks 
that aggregate prey may therefore become increasingly important feeding 
habitats for minke whales and other top predators in the North Sea. The 
observed habitat preference of minke whales along this offshore bank 
appeared to be similar to that observed in coastal areas, and this suggests 
some degree of generality regarding the preference for this type of habitat.
</para>
    </abstract>
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      <keyword>Occurrence</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type.xml</keywordThesaurus>
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    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Observation</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Marine Biology</keyword>
      <keyword>Visual sighting</keyword>
      <keyword>Marine Animal Survey</keyword>
      <keyword>Marine mammals</keyword>
      <keyword>Visual Sighting</keyword>
      <keyword>Vessel</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>N/A</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <additionalInfo>
      <!-- Added for IPT2.3 on 2016-02-29. This field should include words "marine, harvested by iOBIS" for IPT -->
      <para/>
    </additionalInfo>
    <intellectualRights>
      <!-- Added for IPT2.3 on 2015-11-18 . TextType -->
      <para>This work is licensed under a <ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode"><citetitle>Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 License</citetitle></ulink>.</para>
    </intellectualRights>
    <distribution scope="document">
      <online>
        <url function="information">https://seamap.env.duke.edu/dataset/2257</url>
      </online>
    </distribution>
    <coverage>
      <geographicCoverage>
        <geographicDescription>Oceans,North Sea</geographicDescription>
        <boundingCoordinates>
          <westBoundingCoordinate>3.084</westBoundingCoordinate>
          <eastBoundingCoordinate>4.58117</eastBoundingCoordinate>
          <northBoundingCoordinate>56.2645</northBoundingCoordinate>
          <southBoundingCoordinate>53.15467</southBoundingCoordinate>
        </boundingCoordinates>
      </geographicCoverage>
      <temporalCoverage>
        <rangeOfDates>
          <beginDate>
            <calendarDate>2007-03-31</calendarDate>
          </beginDate>
          <endDate>
            <calendarDate>2007-07-02</calendarDate>
          </endDate>
        </rangeOfDates>
      </temporalCoverage>
      <taxonomicCoverage>
        <generalTaxonomicCoverage>Scientific names are based on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).</generalTaxonomicCoverage>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Balaenoptera acutorostrata</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Common minke whale</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>order</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Cetacea</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Cetaceans</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>family</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Delphinidae</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Dolphins</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Halichoerus grypus</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Atlantic gray seal</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Lagenorhynchus</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>White-beaked dolphins</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Lagenorhynchus acutus</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Atlantic white-sided dolphin</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Lagenorhynchus albirostris</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>White-beaked dolphin</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Megaptera novaeangliae</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Humpback whale</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Phoca vitulina</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Harbor seal</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>family</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Phocidae</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Earless seals</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Phocoena phocoena</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Harbor porpoise</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Tursiops truncatus</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Common bottlenose dolphin</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
      </taxonomicCoverage>
    </coverage>
    <purpose>
      <para>As part of a geophysical seismic survey, marine mammals observations were 
carried out from three vessels: one seismic vessel, one supply vessel operating 
well ahead from the seismic vessel. The third vessel, MV &#x2018;Andfjord&#x2019;, carried out 
a dedicated Line Transect (LT) survey (23 April to 17 May).  The LT vessel was 
surveying at distances of &#x2265;20 km away from the geophysical vessel and 
followed predetermined line transects placed randomly in a zigzag pattern in 
the central (German) part of the survey area.</para>
    </purpose>
    <!-- Added for IPT2.3 on 2015-11-18 
Available options for maintenanceUpdateFrequency
daily|...|notPlanned|irregular|unknown
-->
    <maintenance>
      <description>
        <para/>
      </description>
      <maintenanceUpdateFrequency>notPlanned</maintenanceUpdateFrequency>
    </maintenance>
    <contact>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Marijke</givenName>
        <surName>de Boer</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Wageningen Marine Research, University of Wageningen</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>marijkedeboer@hotmail.com</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl/>
    </contact>
    <methods>
      <methodStep>
        <description>
          <para>NA</para>
        </description>
      </methodStep>
      <sampling>
        <studyExtent>
          <description>
            <para>NA</para>
          </description>
        </studyExtent>
        <samplingDescription>
          <para>NA</para>
        </samplingDescription>
      </sampling>
    </methods>
    <project>
      <title>Cetacean sigthings in North Sea</title>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Marijke</givenName>
          <surName>de Boer</surName>
        </individualName>
        <role>owner</role>
      </personnel>
      <funding>
        <para>NA</para>
      </funding>
      <studyAreaDescription>
        <descriptor name="generic" citableClassificationSystem="false">
          <descriptorValue/>
        </descriptor>
      </studyAreaDescription>
      <designDescription>
        <description>
          <para/>
        </description>
      </designDescription>
    </project>
    <shortName>zd_2257</shortName>
  </dataset>
  <additionalMetadata>
    <metadata>
      <gbif>
        <dateStamp>2025-09-11T16:00:38-04:00</dateStamp>
        <hierarchyLevel>dataset</hierarchyLevel>
        <citation identifier="https://doi.org/10.82144/44415200">de Boer, M. 2023. Cetacean sigthings in North Sea. Version 1.0.0. Dataset published in OBIS-SEAMAP. https://doi.org/10.82144/44415200.</citation>
        <bibliography>
          <citation identifier="DOI: 10.3354/meps08598">Marijke N. de Boer. 2010. Spring distribution and density of minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata along an offshore bank in the central North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress SeriesVol. 408: 265&#x2013;274. </citation>
        </bibliography>
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              <url function="download">https://seamap.env.duke.edu/dataset/2257</url>
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        <physical>
          <objectName>FGDC Metadata</objectName>
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            <online>
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        <!-- added for STAT on 2016/03/28 -->
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