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    <title xml:lang="eng">Spatial and temporal characteristics of whale shark and manta aggregations in the Western Caribbean &amp; Gulf of Mexico</title>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Rachel</givenName>
        <surName>Graham</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>MarAlliance - Sharks and Rays Program</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>rachel@maralliance.org</electronicMailAddress>
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      <organizationName>Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University</organizationName>
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      <address>
        <deliveryPoint>A328 LSRC building</deliveryPoint>
        <city>Durham</city>
        <administrativeArea>NC</administrativeArea>
        <postalCode>27708</postalCode>
        <country>US</country>
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      <organizationName>Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University</organizationName>
      <positionName/>
      <address>
        <deliveryPoint>A328 LSRC building</deliveryPoint>
        <city>Durham</city>
        <administrativeArea>NC</administrativeArea>
        <postalCode>27708</postalCode>
        <country>US</country>
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      <individualName>
        <givenName>Rachel</givenName>
        <surName>Graham</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>MarAlliance - Sharks and Rays Program</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>rachel@maralliance.org</electronicMailAddress>
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      <role>owner</role>
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        <surName>Satellite Tracking and Analysis Tool</surName>
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      <positionName/>
      <electronicMailAddress>mcoyne@seaturtle.org</electronicMailAddress>
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      <role>originator</role>
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    <pubDate>2025-08-29</pubDate>
    <language>eng</language>
    <abstract>
      <para>Original provider:
MarAlliance

Dataset credits:
Data provider: MarAlliance - Marine Megafauna Program; Originating data center: Satellite Tracking and Analysis Tool (STAT); Project sponsor or sponsor description: This Project is supported by the Summit Foundation, and several donors who wish to remain anonymous.

Abstract:
Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and manta rays (Manta spp.)represent some of the most iconic species of fish worldwide and yet only recently are their patterns of movement becoming known. Whale shark and manta site fidelity and movements in relation to ephemeral food sources and a host of environmental factors are being elucidated through a long term and multi-partner project named the MarineMeganet. The Western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico possess several aggregations of whale sharks and a large aggregation of manta rays as well as a range of other species of ocean giants that gather seasonally to feed. Although there are no targeted fisheries for the world's largest fish and ray in this region, their large and predictable aggregations remain at risk from ship strikes, uncontrolled tourism and, in the case of the whale shark, the capture of its food source (eg fish that produce the spawn that whale sharks feed on). &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;To better understand aggregation dynamics of whale sharks and manta rays we are investigating their patterns of movement in relation to ephemeral food pulses and anthropogenic threats by deploying satellite location only tags that will provide near real time tracking information to inform the management and conservation of these species.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Los tibur&#xF3;nes ballena (Rhincodon typus) y las manta rayas (Manta spp.) representan algunas de las especies m&#xE1;s emblem&#xE1;ticas de peces en todo el mundo y sin embargo s&#xF3;lo recientemente sus patrones de movimiento han sido revelado. La fidelidad al sitio y los movimientos en lo referente a fuentes alimenticias ef&#xED;meras y una serie de factores ambientales se est&#xE1;n esclareciendose a trav&#xE9;s de un largo plazo y el proyecto denominado el MarineMeganet. El oeste del Caribe y el Golfo de M&#xE9;xico poseen varias agrupaciones de tiburones ballena y una gran acumulaci&#xF3;n de manta rayas, as&#xED; como una variedad de otras especies de gigantes del oc&#xE9;ano que se re&#xFA;nen por temporadas para alimentarse. Aunque no hay ninguna pesca regional enfocada hacia estos planktivoros grandes, sus agregaciones grandes y predecibles permanecen en riesgo de huelgas de la nave, turismo descontrolado y, en el caso del tibur&#xF3;n ballena, la captura de su fuente de alimento (por ejemplo los peces que producen la semilla que se alimentan de tiburones ballena).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Para mejor comprender la din&#xE1;mica de la agregaci&#xF3;n de tiburones ballena y de las manta rayas estamos investigando sus patrones de movimiento en relaci&#xF3;n con pulsos de alimentos ef&#xED;meras y amenazas antropog&#xE9;nicas mediante la colocaci&#xF3;n de etiquetas sat&#xE9;lites que proporcionar&#xE1;n informaci&#xF3;n para la gesti&#xF3;n y conservaci&#xF3;n de estas especies de seguimiento en tiempo casi-real.
</para>
    </abstract>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Marine Biology</keyword>
      <keyword>Telemetry</keyword>
      <keyword>Tagged animal</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>N/A</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <additionalInfo>
      <!-- Added for IPT2.3 on 2016-02-29. This field should include words "marine, harvested by iOBIS" for IPT -->
      <para>Visit STAT's project page for additional information at http://www.seaturtle.org/tracking/index.shtml?project_id=424</para>
    </additionalInfo>
    <intellectualRights>
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      <para><ulink url="https://seamap.env.duke.edu/content/license_permission">The access to this work requires permission</ulink>.</para>
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      <online>
        <url function="information">https://seamap.env.duke.edu/dataset/594</url>
      </online>
    </distribution>
    <coverage>
      <geographicCoverage>
        <geographicDescription>Oceans</geographicDescription>
        <boundingCoordinates>
          <westBoundingCoordinate>-121.724</westBoundingCoordinate>
          <eastBoundingCoordinate>-60.844</eastBoundingCoordinate>
          <northBoundingCoordinate>36.47</northBoundingCoordinate>
          <southBoundingCoordinate>10.117</southBoundingCoordinate>
        </boundingCoordinates>
      </geographicCoverage>
      <temporalCoverage>
        <rangeOfDates>
          <beginDate>
            <calendarDate>2010-07-23</calendarDate>
          </beginDate>
          <endDate>
            <calendarDate>2013-12-16</calendarDate>
          </endDate>
        </rangeOfDates>
      </temporalCoverage>
      <taxonomicCoverage>
        <generalTaxonomicCoverage>Scientific names are based on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).</generalTaxonomicCoverage>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Manta birostris</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Atlantic manta</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
        <taxonomicClassification>
          <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName>
          <taxonRankValue>Rhincodon typus</taxonRankValue>
          <commonName>Whale shark</commonName>
        </taxonomicClassification>
      </taxonomicCoverage>
    </coverage>
    <purpose>
      <para/>
    </purpose>
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      <maintenanceUpdateFrequency>asNeeded</maintenanceUpdateFrequency>
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    <contact>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Rachel</givenName>
        <surName>Graham</surName>
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      <organizationName>MarAlliance - Sharks and Rays Program</organizationName>
      <positionName>Primary contact</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>rachel@maralliance.org</electronicMailAddress>
      <onlineUrl/>
    </contact>
    <methods>
      <methodStep>
        <description>
          <para>NA</para>
        </description>
      </methodStep>
      <sampling>
        <studyExtent>
          <description>
            <para>NA</para>
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        </studyExtent>
        <samplingDescription>
          <para>NA</para>
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    <project>
      <title>Spatial and temporal characteristics of whale shark and manta aggregations in the Western Caribbean &amp; Gulf of Mexico</title>
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          <givenName>Rachel</givenName>
          <surName>Graham</surName>
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        <role>owner</role>
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      <funding>
        <para>NA</para>
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      <designDescription>
        <description>
          <para/>
        </description>
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    <shortName>zd_594</shortName>
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    <metadata>
      <gbif>
        <dateStamp>2025-08-29T17:41:51-04:00</dateStamp>
        <hierarchyLevel>dataset</hierarchyLevel>
        <citation identifier="https://doi.org/10.82144/d3409940">Graham R. 2025. Spatial and temporal characteristics of whale shark and manta aggregations in the Western Caribbean &amp; Gulf of Mexico. 1.0.0. Dataset published in OBIS-SEAMAP and originated from Satellite Tracking and Analysis Tool (STAT; http://www.seaturtle.org/tracking/index.shtml?project_id=424). https://doi.org/10.82144/d3409940.</citation>
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        <bibliography>
          <citation identifier="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v301/meps301001">Coyne, M. S., and B. J. Godley. 2005. Satellite Tracking and Analysis Tool (STAT): an integrated system for archiving, analyzing and mapping animal tracking data. Marine Ecology Progress Series: Vol. 301: 1-7.</citation>
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